Spontaneous nanoemulsification of cinnamon essential oil: Formulation, characterization, and antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against fish spoilage caused by Serratia rubidaea BFMO8.

The contemporary food industry's uses of nanoemulsions (NEs) include food processing, effective nutraceutical delivery, the development of functional chemicals, and the synthesis of natural preservatives, such as phytocompounds. Although cinnamon essential oil (CEO) is widely used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries, it is difficult to add to aqueous-based food formulations due to its weak stability and poor water solubility. This study describes the formulation of a CEO nanoemulsion (CEONE) by spontaneous emulsification and evaluates its antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against biofilm-forming Serratia rubidaea BFMO8 isolated from spoiled emperor fish (Lethrinus miniatus). Bacteria causing spoilage in emperor fish were isolated and identified as S. rubidaea using common morphological, cultural, and 16S RNA sequencing methods, and their ability to form biofilms and their susceptibility to CEONE were assessed using biofilm-specific methods. The spontaneous emulsification formulation of CEONE was accomplished using water and Tween 20 surfactant by manipulating organic and aqueous phase interface properties and controlling particle growth by capping surfactant increases. The best emulsification, with highly stable nano-size droplets, was accomplished at 750 rpm and a 1:3 ratio concentration. The stable CEONE droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential values were 204.8 nm, 0.115, and -6.05 mV, respectively. FTIR and high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS) analyses have revealed carboxyl, carbonyl, and phenol-like primary phytochemical functional groups in CEO and CEONE, which contribute to their antibacterial and antibiofilm properties.

Anti-infective Efficacy of Duloxetine against Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) frequently occur following the insertion of catheters in hospitalized patients, often leading to severe clinical complications. These complications are exacerbated by biofilm-forming organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, contributing to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, which complicates treatment strategies. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiadhesive properties of duloxetine against S. aureus in the context of CAUTI. Our findings demonstrate that duloxetine exhibits significant antibacterial activity, as evidenced by the agar diffusion method. A minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 37.5 µg/mL was established using the microdilution method. Notably, duloxetine displayed inhibitory effects against biofilm formation on polystyrene surfaces up to its MIC level, as demonstrated by the crystal violet method. Intriguingly, the study also revealed that duloxetine could prevent biofilm formation at lower concentrations and reduce mature biofilms, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantitative biofilm assays. Furthermore, duloxetine-coated silicone catheter tubes exhibited antibacterial properties against S. aureus in a bladder model, visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and corroborated through FDA and PI staining, highlighting noticeable morphological changes in S. aureus post-treatment. In conclusion, this study presents duloxetine as a promising alternative agent with antibacterial and antiadhesive properties against S. aureus in the prevention and management of CAUTI, warranting further exploration in the clinical setting.

Prospective in vitro A431 cell line anticancer efficacy of zirconia nanoflakes derived from Enicostemma littorale aqueous extract.

Biomedical applications of zirconia nanomaterials were limited in biological systems. In this research, 8-15 nm size zirconia nanoflakes (ZrNFs) were fabricated and their nature, morphology, and biocompatibility were evaluated. The synthesis was carried out using Enicostemma littorale plant extract as an effective reducing and capping agent. Physiochemical properties of prepared ZrNFs were characterized using diverse instrumental studies such as UV-vis spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared, powder X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The XRD pattern confirmed the tetragonal phases of ZrNFs and the highest crystallite size of Zr0.02, Zr0.02, and Zr0.06 was 56, 50, and 44 nm, respectively. The morphology of samples was assessed using TEM. Electrophysiological effects of ZrNFs in the cellular interaction process were revealed by the slower rate of electron transfer results in CV demonstration. Biocompatibility of synthesized ZrNFs was studied on A431 human epidermoid carcinoma epithelial cells. The cell viability was increased with an increasing the concentration of nanoflakes up to 6.50-100 µg/mL. The cell viability and observed IC50 values (44.25, 36.49, and 39.62 µg/mL) reveals that the synthesized ZrNFs using E. littorale extract is found to be efficient toxic to A431 cancer cell lines.

Potentially toxic elements contamination and its removal by aquatic weeds in the riverine system: A comparative approach.

Thamirabarani river acquires large untreated sewage effluents from the Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts of South Tamil Nadu. This study examined the concentration of trace elements in water, sediment, and phytoaccumulation potential of aquatic weeds viz., A. cristata, E. crassipes, S. natans, and P. stratiotes, growing along Srivaikundam dam of Thamirabarani river. The Pb, As, Hg, Cd, and Ni concentrations in water were slightly higher than the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) drinking water guidelines; however, their accumulation in sediment was below WHO's sediment quality guideline. This study concludes that the phytoaccumulation factor (PAF) and translocation factor (TF) was >1 in E. crassipes and A. cristata, representing them as hyperaccumulators, suitable for phytoremediation in polluted localities. E. crassipes, A. cristata, and S. natans accumulated (100-500 fold) higher trace elements concentrations than that present in the water. Also, the concentrations of trace elements found in the aquatic weeds were below the recommended levels for the critical plant range (CRP). These selected aquatic weeds are more suitable for plant hybridization to be modified as superbug plants.

Hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite-reduced graphene oxide (1D-2D) hybrids with enhanced selective adsorption properties for methyl orange and hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions.

The presence of organic dye molecules and heavy metal ions in water causes ecological and public health problems. Therefore, remediation of water/wastewater contaminated with organic dye molecules and toxic metal ions is of importance. Herein, a reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-hydroxyapatite (Hat) (1D-2D) hybrid composite was fabricated through a hydrothermal process and applied for the adsorption of methyl orange (MO) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from water. The as-fabricated RGO-Hat hybrids were characterized using FTIR, XRD, HR-TEM, SEM, XPS, EDAX, and TGA-DSC analytical techniques. The influencing parameters of adsorption performance, namely solution pH, contact time, and co-interfering ions, were explored to obtain the maximum adsorption capacity of contaminants from the solid-liquid interface. Batch studies revealed that MO and Cr(VI) adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm models. The adsorption capacity was 49.14 and 45.24 mg g-1 for MO and Cr(VI), respectively. The adsorption of such ions over RGO-Hat hybrids was mainly driven by several uptake mechanisms viz, electrostatic force of attraction, π-π interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Thus, this study demonstrated that the RGO-Hat hybrid is a potential candidate for the treatment of MO and Cr(VI) from water.

Magnetic kaolinite immobilized chitosan beads for the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from an aqueous environment.

In recent decades, magnetic bead material has attracted considerable attention in water and wastewater purification. In this study, the potential of magnetic kaolinite immobilized in chitosan beads (MKa@CB) to remove Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from an aqueous environment has been successfully investigated. The addition of magnetic kaolinite generates more active sites, whereas that of chitosan enhances the stability of synthesized bead materials, which enable them to effectively interact with the targeted contaminants. Various factors including agitation time, solution pH, and competitive ions were examined to optimize the removal efficiency of the MKa@CB. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies indicated that the adsorption fitted well to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model as well as to the Langmuir isotherm. The prepared adsorbent could be reused up to four cycles without any significant adsorption capacity loss. Thus, the synthesized MKa@4%CB can be a promising adsorbent in effectively removing Pb(II) and Cd(II) from water.

Complex interior and surface modified alginate reinforced reduced graphene oxide-hydroxyapatite hybrids: Removal of toxic azo dyes from the aqueous solution.

In this study, alginate reinforced reduced graphene oxide@hydroxyapatite (rGO@HAP-Alg) hybrids have been fabricated via co-precipitation technique. The developed adsorbent was effectively utilized for the removal of Reactive Blue 4 (RB4), Indigo Carmine (IC) and Acid Blue 158 (AB158) azo dyes from aqueous solution, and found to have the adsorption efficiency of 45.56, 47.16 and 48.26 mg/g, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters demonstrated the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. The adsorption system was pH-dependent and showed maximum dye removal at pH 6-7, which was indicative of the electrostatic interactions, surface complexation and the hydrogen bonding mechanisms involved between the adsorbate and adsorbent during the adsorption process. Furthermore, the renewability studies demonstrated the reusability and stability of rGO@HAP-Alg hybrids up to five successive cycles. This study delivers a promising strategy for removing dye molecules and extends the potential application of rGO@HAP-Alg hybrids to treat practical dye contaminated water/wastewater.

Immobilization of MIL-88(Fe) anchored TiO2-chitosan(2D/2D) hybrid nanocomposite for the degradation of organophosphate pesticide: Characterization, mechanism and degradation intermediates.

In this study, we have rationally designed and grafted a bio-assisted 2D/2D TiO2/MIL-88(Fe) (TCS@MOF) heterojunction by growing granular TiO2 on the surface of MIL-88(Fe) nanosheet, as hybrid photocatalyst. The hierarchical TCS@MOF composite was prepared via the one-pot solvothermal process and employed for monocrotophos (MCP) degradation under visible light region, since its persistent nature on soil and water causes major threat to the environment. The TCS@MOF promotes a number of packed high-speed nano-tunnels in the (p-n) heterojunctions, which significantly enhance the migration of photo-induced electrons (e-) and holes (h+), respectively and thus limits the charge recombination of e-s. The optimized photocatalyst achieves significant catalytic activity of ~98.79% for the degradation of MCP within 30 min of irradiation. The prominent oxidative radicals namely •OH, •O2- etc., were involved in the oxidation of organic pesticide. Besides, TCS@MOF exhibits outstanding stability even after five repetitive cycles for the oxidation of MCP with a negligible decrease in photo-activity. The proposed mechanism and oxidative pathways of MCP were rationally deduced in detail subject to experimental results. The mechanism renders insight into the oxidation and consequent bond rupture of pollutant as well as into the formation of products such as H2O, CO2, etc. This report unveils a novel architecture of proficiently optimized TCS@MOF material structure for the perceptive oxidation of organic contaminants.

Magnesium ferrite-reinforced polypyrrole hybrids as an effective adsorbent for the removal of toxic ions from aqueous solutions: Preparation, characterization, and adsorption experiments.

Contaminated waters with high contents of toxic anions are detrimental to the human health and wildlife. Thus, the quality of drinking water should be carefully monitored. Adsorption technique has been determined to be a reasonable strategy out of several methods used to remove toxic anions from water. Novel MgFe2O4-reinforced polypyrrole (Ppy@x%MgFe2O4) (x = 1%, 2%, and 5% of MgFe2O4) hybrids were synthesized from a pyrrole monomer and MgFe2O4 using a simple chemical oxidation method. The fabricated hybrids were studied for their capability to remove PO43-, NO3-, and Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The results showed that PO43-, NO3-, and Cr(VI) removal was highly pH-dependent. The adsorption isotherms of hybrids were fitted well by the Langmuir model, with the maximum adsorption efficiency of 116.90, 76.14, and 138.60 mg/g for PO43-, NO3-, and Cr(VI), respectively. In addition, the above-mentioned toxic anions could be efficiently desorbed from spent Ppy@x%MgFe2O4 using a 0.1 M NaOH solution, and the hybrids exhibited good regenerability. The prepared materials are promising candidates for PO43-, NO3-, and Cr(VI) removal and exhibit high adsorption efficiency, rapid adsorption-desorption behavior, and appropriate recovery from the aqueous medium under external magnetic field.

Fabrication of hybrid chitosan encapsulated magnetic-kaolin beads for adsorption of phosphate and nitrate ions from aqueous solutions.

Phosphate and nitrate are commonly used industrial and agricultural nutrients that are of great anxiety because of their ubiquitous existence in water and wastewater sources and association with harmful health effects. Herein, we aimed to fabricate a novel and environmental-friendly chitosan encapsulated magnetic kaolin beads for the first time and applied for the adsorption of phosphate and nitrate ions from water. The physico-chemical properties of MK-chitosan beads were established by XRD, FTIR, and TGA-DSC techniques. Surface area (BET) analysis shows that MK-chitosan beads have a specific surface area of 2.12 m2/g. Surface morphology and elemental studies (SEM and EDAX) revealed the porous nature of MK-chitosan beads. The synthesized bead material employed as selective and effective adsorbent material for the remediation of phosphate and nitrate from water/ wastewater. The impact of external adsorption influencing effects likes, adsorbent dose, contact time, co-anions, pH of the solution, and temperature experiments have been performed. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic experiments have been studied and the data have been well tailored by the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic parametric studies revealed endothermic and spontaneous nature of the overall sorption system. Besides, MK-chitosan beads were found to regeneration performance up to eight consecutive cycles. Furthermore, the adsorbent-adsorbate system implying that MK-chitosan beads could be a promising candidate for the removal of phosphate and nitrate ions from aqueous solutions.

Facile synthesis of Zr4+ incorporated chitosan/gelatin composite for the sequestration of Chromium(VI) and fluoride from water.

The development of industrialization and agricultural activities have carried various negative impacts to living organisms in recent decades and also, the frequent problem of inorganic pollution have been environmental anxiety to the community. Among these, Cr6+ and F- are priority poisonous pollutants from many industries. In this work, we present a low-cost synthesis procedure to obtain biocompatible zirconium incorporated chitosan-gelatin composite (CS-Zr-GEL) were fabricated and explored for the adsorptive removal of toxic Cr6+ and F- from water. The adsorption mechanism of toxic Cr6+ and F- was done by batch mode as a function of contact time, solution pH and co-existing ions. The obtained materials were extensively studied by several physico-chemical techniques to access their properties by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Additionally, the fabricated adsorbent is highly dependent on solution pH. The kinetic and isotherm data were fitted using pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity for CS-Zr-GEL is 138.89 and 12.13 mg/g at 323K for Cr6+ and F- respectively. These findings demonstrate that the CS-Zr-GEL adsorbent represents a promising candidate that would have a practical influence on water/wastewater treatments.

Environment responsive Al3+ networked chitosan-gelatin spherical beads for the effective removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solutions.

In order to remove noxious Congo Red (CR), Acid Red 1 (AR1) and Reactive Red 2 (RR2) dye molecules from water, an environment responsive and biodegradable spherical chitosan-gelatin biopolymeric beads were designed and embedded with Al3+ ions. The surface morphology, specific surface area, crystalline phases, elemental composition and thermal properties of the CAG spherical beads had examined. Adsorption experiments were explored to investigate the adsorption properties of dye molecules on CAG spherical beads. The adsorption parameters like solution pH, contact time, co-existing ions, adsorbent dosage and regeneration studies were optimized using batch experiment method. The maximum adsorption efficiency of CR, AR1, and RR2 dye molecules on CAG spherical beads were 34.89, 32.36 and 33.63 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption system fits well with pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm model. The molecular interactions followed in the adsorption mechanisms were the electrostatic force of attraction, surface complexation and hydrogen bondings that exist between dye molecules and the CAG spherical beads. The CAG spherical beads could be regenerated up to six consecutive cycles using an aqueous 0.1 M NaOH solution. The study emphasizes that the fabricated CAG spherical beads could act as a potential adsorbent in the water/wastewater treatment process.

Boosted insights of novel accordion-like (2D/2D) hybrid photocatalyst for the removal of cationic dyes: Mechanistic and degradation pathways.

In the present work, a novel (2D/2D) accordion like CS@g‒C3N4/MX hybrid composite was prepared through one-pot hydro-thermal synthesis method and utilized as a catalyst for the degradation of organic persistent dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB). Because the removal of such organic compounds is a major dispute in environmental aspects. In this study, the bio-assisted g‒C3N4/MX nanosheets was utilized for the removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution under visible light irradiation, respectively. The CS@g-C3N4/MX photocatalyst showed high catalytic activity based on ~99% and ~98.5% degradation of MB and RhB within 60 and 40 min using visible light irradiation. This outcome could have resulted in greater catalytic enactment towards the degradation of other persistent pollutants with enhanced light absorption property and it can efficiently suppress photo-generated charge recombination, thus improving the interfacial charge transfer rate. The OH radical was being effective oxidative species involved in the CS@g-C3N4/MX system for the degradation of organic contaminants. Furthermore, CS@g-C3N4/MX showed excellent photo-stability over five consecutive cycles for the degradation of organic dyes with negligible loss of photocatalytic activity. Finally, the purposed catalytic mechanisms and degradation pathways of MB and RhB were systematically discussed in detail based on experimental results. Thus, the organics which oxidized into ring-opened compounds such as ethoxyethane, butadiene etc., to non-toxic products like H2O, CO2 and some mineral salts.

Synthesis and characterization of La(III) supported carboxymethylcellulose-clay composite for toxic dyes removal: Evaluation of adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics.

The discharge of organic dyes into the aquatic environment is a serious problem owing to the persistence of possible health risks and ecological hazards of these pollutants. This paper reports a facile method for the preparation of composite material consisting of lanthanum incorporated carboxymethylcellulose-bentonite (LCB) composite and utilized for the removal of Indigo Carmine (IC), Acid Blue 158 (AB158) and Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) dyes from water by batch adsorption techniques. The optimal conditions for the dye adsorption were found to be pH = 3, initial dye concentration: 50 mg/L and adsorbent dosage of 100 mg. The adsorption efficiency of IC, AB158 and RB4 dye molecules were 80.41%, 83.54% and 86.91% respectively. The entire adsorption process was completed within 40 min. The adsorption data fits well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, demonstrating the physico-chemical adsorption of the dyes on LCB matrix. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and D-R isotherm models were used to describe saturation point. The fabricated adsorbent material was characterized using PXRD, FTIR, SEM-EDAX, TGA-DSC and surface area measurements. The thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The LCB composite showed remarkable adsorption-desorption efficiency for dye removal in water/wastewater treatment process; hence it can be considered as a competent and potential adsorbent for dye removal.

Chitosan modified zirconium/zinc oxide as a visible light driven photocatalyst for the efficient reduction of hexavalent chromium.

Metal-sensitized biopolymeric hybrid materials can be strategically utilized in photo catalysis due to the behavior of their absorption band lying in the solar radiation spectrum. Herein, chitosan supported zirconium(Zr)/zinc oxide (ZnO)) in the preparation of photo catalyst (Zr-ZnO@CS) for photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium(Cr6+). Moreover, photocatalytic testing factors like exposure time of light, pH, initial Cr6+ concentration, and influence of co-anions on the removal of Cr6+ by Zr-ZnO@CS were also examined. Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model suggested the surface reaction was the rate-controlling step. The removal mechanism of Zr/ZnO@CS was because of enhanced properties like positive positioning of the band gap, boosted charge excitation, and higher dynamic sites. Field trial results showed that Zr-ZnO@CS hybrid photocatalyst demonstrates the potential application for the reduction of Cr6+ ions.

Adsorptive performance of lanthanum encapsulated biopolymer chitosan-kaolin clay hybrid composite for the recovery of nitrate and phosphate from water.

Nitrate and phosphate are primary pollutants of water/wastewaters for eutrophication and methemoglobinemia diseases, harshly threatening the security of aquatic environments and human health as well as all living beings. The present work investigates the adsorption performance and mechanism of lanthanum encapsulated chitosan-kaolin clay (LCK) hybrid composite was prepared and utilized for the remediation of nitrate and phosphate from water. The fabricated LCK hybrid composite was characterized using XRD, SEM, BET, EDAX, TGA-DTA and FTIR analysis. The removal of nitrate and phosphate onto the LCK composite defined by pseudo-second-order kinetic model whereas the isotherms are described by Freundlich adsorption isotherm model and thermodynamic experiments showed spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. Results also demonstrated that the LCK hybrid composite exhibited extremely high nitrate and phosphate adsorption capacity and stability which followed the mechanisms by ion exchange, complexation and electrostatic interactions. Adsorption-desorption experiments revealed that the LCK hybrid composite could be potentially reused with maintaining high adsorption efficiency. This study highlights the novel low-cost, eco-friendly and promising adsorbent for efficient denitrification and dephosphorization from water/ wastewater.

Enhanced photocatalytic response of ZnO embedded chitosan/ß-cyclodextrin towards the detoxification of Cr(VI) under visible light.

The present work focused on the assessment of heterogenous photocatalytic efficacy of ZnO@CS-ß-CD towards the degradation of hexavalent chromium under visible light illumination. The prepared ZnO@CS-ß-CD was extensively characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX with mapping, TGA, DSC and UV/vis DRS techniques and the photoreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The DRS results revealed that the band gap of ZnO@CS-ß-CD was narrowed than ZnO from 3.23 to 2.01 eV. The photocatalyst hold excellent reusability up to seven cycles and the field trail results demonstrated for the practical application for the treatment of wastewater.

Dataset for spatial distribution and pollution indices of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Emerald Lake, Tamil Nadu, India.

The dataset for this manuscript with the spatial distribution of heavy metals such as Mn, Zn, Ni, Co, Pb, Cr, Cu and Fe, pollution indices of the surface sediments in the Emerald Lake, India, the significant source of pollution, are determined. The methods for calculation of pollution indices such as Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Degree (CD), modified Contamination degree (mCd) and Contamination factor (CF) are considered to know the level of heavy metal pollution in the study area. In this data, the results of pollution indices suggest that almost all the sites are polluted by heavy metals. The data could be very useful to metal pollutants and their sources in the surface sediments.

In-situ fabrication of zirconium entrenched biopolymeric hybrid membrane for the removal of toxic anions from aqueous medium.

The eutrophication of water bodies resulting from the excessive amounts of phosphate and nitrate ions in the water systems will cause serious environmental problems. This study deals with the adsorptive removal of toxic anions from aqueous medium using zirconium entrenched chitosan-starch membrane (Zr-CS-ST). The optimization of several influencing key factors like adsorbent dosage, shaking time, solution pH, aggressive ions, zero point charge and temperature were examined by batch mode adsorption experiments. In addition, Freundlich isotherm model showed an outstanding fit with the experimental data's, yielding the maximum adsorption capacities of 86.28 and 70.88 mg/g for phosphate and nitrate, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters, including the Gibbs free energy, entropy and enthalpy change indicated that the removal of both anions by Zr-CS-ST membrane was feasible, spontaneity and endothermic in nature. The diffusion and reaction based kinetic models were exposed to study about the kinetics and adsorption process were followed by pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models. The removal mechanism involved by different types of interactions such as complexation, ion exchange and electrostatic interaction, which were adopted for the removal mechanisms. We exposed that, Zr-CS-ST was successfully developed and will be effectively employed for the remediation of phosphate and nitrate ions in field/practical applications.

Synthesis and characterization of metal loaded chitosan-alginate biopolymeric hybrid beads for the efficient removal of phosphate and nitrate ions from aqueous solution.

The aim of this present scenario is to examine the removal performance and mechanism of phosphate and nitrate removal onto metal (Fe3+) loaded chitosan and alginate biopolymeric hybrid beads (Fe-CS-Alg) from aqueous solution. The batch adsorption experiments were accomplished via various operating parameters like pH, dosage, contact time, co-existing anions, and temperature. The equilibrium isotherm study was scrutinized by three different isotherm models like Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The thermodynamic statics specifies that the spontaneous and endothermic nature of phosphate and nitrate adsorption. The proposed mechanism indicated that the removal of phosphate and nitrate ions was mainly governed by electrostatic interaction, complexation and ion exchange mechanism. Consequently, the adsorption mechanism was examined by studying the physicochemical characteristics of the beads and sorbate adsorbed beads using the FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDAX with mapping analysis and TGA analytical techniques. The performance of the Fe-CS-Alg beads in field condition was assessed with contaminated water sample taken from nearby an industrial area. Thus, the experimental outcomes clearly indicated that the developed biopolymeric hybrid beads could be utilized as the potential adsorbents for the removal of phosphate and nitrate ions from aqueous solution.